Бизнес идея топик на английском

БИЗНЕС КУРС  тексты

1. We constantly extend our business and we look for new partners in other countries. This experience enables us to provide advanced technology and efficient service. WE `d like to inform you that the service life of our equipment was increased and prices were reduced. Today our prices are sensible and competitive. Besides we can easily adapt our equipment to our customer’s needs. If you are interested in our products, I can give you some advertising materials to let your known the main characteristics of our products.

2. Our company produces electrical instruments.   The introduction of advanced technologies enables to us increase the service life, which is 10 years in case of proper maintenance. As our prices are competitive enough we have regular customers. We accept cash and bank transfer. Besides you can pay with an irrevocable letter of credit which you can open with any Russian bank. I have got some advertising materials with me, so you will be able to study the main characteristics of our products.

3. Our company is young and promising. Every time when we have a vacant position, there are many applicants for it and sometimes it is difficult to make a decision. We prefer applicants with work experience, fluent English and Microsoft word, excellent references.  Apart from that, they must have such qualities as reliability, loyalty and energy. All applicants are asked about their ability to work under pressure and make decision. We need a team of creative people to make our company competitive on the world market

4. I was offered a position of an advertising manager and I was given a 3 month test period.  I submitted good references from my previous job. My strengths are communication skills, ability to work under pressure and also I can operate a computer and speak English well. I hope that after test period I will be hired. I will be responsible for preparing advertising materials and placing them in the most effective mass media. Outside advertising is the most profitable today: billboards, banners hanging across the street and transport advertisement.

5. Now Im looking for a job.  I ve sent my resume and covering letter, printed with the laser printer, to some companies. Usually a resume has the following information about the applicant for the position:  education, work experience, personal details, that is his name, address and date of birth. I believe that I have work experience and personal qualities to cope with responsibilities of a sales manager. At my previous job I was responsible for sales and after sales. My best strength is communication ability.

6. –  can I speak to mr Brown?

-hold on, please, I will check if mr Brown is in.

– Braun is speaking

– Good afternoon mr Braun.  This is John Smite.  Did your secretary give you my massage yesterday?

– Yes, she did, but I couldn’t call you back yesterday, because I had international telephone talks with our representative in London.

– mr Brown we were greatly impressed by specifications of your processing equipment. How long will it take you to deliver 2 sets of equipment and to pit them into operation?

7. Our company was founded in 1995, the founders of our company are individual and corporate bodies. According to our law status we are public limited company. Currently we employ about 1000 people and our turn over is more then 20000$. We are managed by the meeting of Shareholders and the Boards of Directors. We investigate thoroughly all business proposal make draft contacts, where we discuss prices, time of delivery, payment and other terms. We conclude contracts in case the terms meet our requirements.

8. Our company consists of six departments: Production, Sales, Export, Personnel and Research. We have several sales subsidiaries and 2 manufactories. We export our equipment to Eastern Europe. We investigated thoroughly all business proposals, make draft Contracts, discuss prices, payment, delivery and other terms. If terms meet our requirements we conclude contract about cooperation. At the moment we are looking for a new partner, because we are extending our activity.

9. Our detailed price list will convince you in wide range of our goods. Our prices include packing and transportation.  As for the terms of payment, we can accept letter of credit, cheque and open account. We accept cash for small consignments and bank transfer for big orders. If you pay in cash we give you discounts. Discount rate depends on the total amount of the contract. Our prices are sensible and competitive; we take into consideration, that price is a important element of marketing formula.

10. Our equipment is not a bad choice: It correspond the highest international standards existing in the world today. The guarantee for our equipment 12 months from the stapt-up of the equipment into operation. Our equipment is fully computerized and it is easy for even inexperienced personal to operate it. We put our equipment into operation within 2 to 5 weeks depending on the model.  Our sales representatives get in touch with wholesalers and retailers.

11. Our sales representatives get in touch with wholesalers and retailers. A retailer is the most expensive link between a producer and a consumer. A wholesaler is the important link between a producer and a consumer. As our goods are in a great demand in the world market, we accept a 10 percent advance cash payment. We practice firm offers which us a rule are valid within a week from the date of a written offer.  In written offers we quote our prices and terms of payment.

12) While concluding a contract we discussed the following items:   the subject of the contract, prices and total value of the contract, time of delivery, terms of payment, technical documentation, packing, marking, insurance, force major, arbitration. Our contract is valid within 2 weeks from the date of signing.  As a rule, we use CIF delivery. CIF delivery includes price, insurance and freight. Sometimes we can’t delivery goods in stipulated time because of the freight problems. In such cases we apologize for delay in delivery.

13)  According to the contract we had to delivery goods CIF-Vladivostok   on the 11th of March, but we couldn’t deliver in time because of some circumstance, which we consider to be force major. We admit that your companies have had great losses because of delay in shipment. We apologize for this delay. I will contact Transport Company to compensate your losses. We apologize again for delay in shipment. We wouldn’t like you to apply to court.

14) I work for an advertising agency. There are 2 kids of advertising: advertising in mass media and outside advertising. Outside advertising is very popular now, it is one of the most rapidly growing market sections. Many companies advertise their goods on bell boards, roads banner (banner, hanging across streets) and on the vehicles. While advertising goods we take into consideration such points as packing and design. As for as I’m an advertising manager I m responsible for preparing advertisements and place them in the most effective mass media.

15)  Marketing is the promotion of goods and services from a producer to a consumer to meet the requirements customers and to achieve company targets. Marketing Department, Sales Department and Advertising agency are responsible for the market strategy of our company. One of the most important elements of marketing formula is placing. Placing means a channel of distribution. The mane channel of distribution includes a producer, a wholesaler, a retailer and a consumer. The recently research determined our new target audience- small business representatives

Ministry of Education

Chuvash State University after I.N.Ulyanov

Faculty of Business and Management

Course Paper:

Talking Business

Student: N.I. Nikitin, FBM-61-02

Advisor: M.V. Emelyanova

Cheboksary – 2003

PLAN:

Introduction….…..……………………………………………….…….….…….…3

Chapter 1. Setting up a business………………….………………..……..….4

Chapter 2. Company performance.….……..…………………….…………..6

Chapter 3. The stock market……….……..…..….….…..……….……….…..8

Conclusion……………………..……….….……………..………….…….…..10

Bibliography………………………………..………..…….………….…….…11

Introduction

The given course paper represents a brief material. It has the recommendations of successful management of business. The experience of the entering business and the achievements of positive results are generalized in it. I have chosen the theme of my course paper as I think that each person has an opportunity of opening his own business in our country now, but not everyone can do it. And that’s why I have decided to help the beginning businessmen to earn money.

The given course paper consists of three parts. In the first part it is considered preparatory steps of the setting up of business. Work of the company is analyzed in the following chapter of the course paper. And I have tried to study the stock market in the third chapter.

Chapter 1.

Setting up business

If a person wishes to launch a new business, he has to make some preparatory steps. The first step is the selection of an appropriate legal form. In various countries these forms differ. But usually they are as follows: a limited liability company, a partnership and a sole proprietor.

There is a basic difference between these forms. A limited liability company is a legal entity (legal person). In case of a bankruptcy, it has to reimburse (cover) its debts with all its assets, but the creditors cannot seize the assets owned by the company’s shareholders.

Sole proprietors or partners do not form a legal entity and have unlimited liability. If their business goes bankrupt, they have to reimburse the debts not only with the firm’s assets but also with their personal belongings: money, houses, cars, etc.

For this reason, most businesses are set up as limited liability companies. The name of such a company ends with “Limited” in the UK or Canada and with “Inc.”, “Corp.” or “LLC” in the USA.

A limited liability company may be private or public. A private company is usually founded by a small group of people who know each other and intend to do business together. A private company cannot sell its shares to the public and if it the business is not successful the founders loose their own money only.

A public company’s shares are traded on the stock market and may be purchased by millions of people all over the world. These shareholders are not aware of the company’s day-to-day performance and must rely on the professionalism of the company’s managers and their reports. If the management is poor or in case of the managers’ fraud, the shareholders may loose billions of dollars.

Many countries have special regulatory bodies to supervise public companies, such as the US Securities Exchange Commission. Yet, corporate disasters sometimes happen. One of the most recent examples is the bankruptcy of Enron Corporation, a giant supplier of energy resources in the Western part of the United States.

The second step in setting up a business is the preparation of various documents, such as: Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association and Resolution of the founders on the appointment of directors. The Memorandum contains the conditions, on which the founders agree to set up this business, and the Articles set out the principles of the company’s formation and management: its name, objectives, share capital, rules of management, etc. The founders have to make the initial investment and may either hire the directors of the company or appoint themselves as the directors.

Every new business is to be registered with the official company register. The UK has such registration offices in London and in Edinburgh, while in the USA each of the 50 states has its own register.

Chapter 2.

Company performance

Any business is set up to make profit. But the founders sometimes do not have enough experience or make serious mistakes, which result in losses. The financial results of the company’s operations can be seen from its financial reports.

There are at least three reasons for preparing such reports. First, every government needs to collect taxes and therefore requires detailed information on the company’s performance, revenues and expenses. Second, the shareholders need to know, whether the company’s management is professional enough, and ask for confirmation with facts and figures. Third, the company’s top executives must control the efficiency of the company’s various departments and the input of each department in the company’s operational results. The reports prepared by the company’s accounting department are often verified by an auditor, which is an independent public accountant. The auditor has to confirm that the reports comply with legal requirements and they reflect the company’s actual performance.

There are a lot of reports submitted annually, semi-annually and quarterly. The most important one is the balance sheet, which describes the company’s assets and liabilities as on the last date of each year. The assets are the values, which the company owns: money, buildings, equipment, raw materials, computer hardware and software, trade marks. The liabilities specify what the company owes, such as: share capital, credits received from banks and suppliers, other debts. If the amount of assets is higher than that of the liabilities, the company has profit. If the liabilities are higher than the assets, the company has losses. In the latter case they say that the company is “in the red”.

Money transfers between the company and its partners during the year are shown on the statement of cash flows. Cash is the most liquid asset, which is as important for the company’s activities as blood for a human body. If a company has huge fixed assets (land, buildings, equipment) but does not have enough money, it is a sign of financial problems.

There are many other reports, letters, notes and messages, which a company has to submit. Some of them are very colourful, with photographs and illustrations and look like advertising material. But their contents are usually a summary of the above two documents and additional comments to them.

If we deduct the company’s expenses from its revenues, the result is gross profit before taxes. If we further deduct taxes from the gross profit, the result is net profit, which may be distributed among the shareholders as their dividends or may be reinvested. The shareholders adopt a resolution on this matter at their annual meeting. Often they decide to use half of the net profit for dividends and to reinvest the other half. The net profit may also be carried forward to the next year. The amounts brought forward from the previous year are known as “retained earnings” of the company.

Companies are usually reluctant (do not wish) to pay taxes and there are legal ways to avoid some of them. The company’s ability to save on taxation depends on the professionalism of its accountants. The easiest way to avoid taxes is to increase expenses through purchasing new machinery, investing in new technologies, making money transfers to charity foundations.

While tax avoidance is allowed, tax evasion is a crime. The company’s executive body (the board of directors) is responsible for the correctness of the information submitted to the government. The personal liability is on the chief executive officer (the board chairperson) and the chief financial officer who sign the reports. If the information contained in the documents is not correct and if the company tries to evade taxes, these persons may be fined or even jailed. Otherwise, they may escape to another country, which sometimes happens.

Chapter 3.

The stock market

A century ago, the size of enterprises was rather small, each of them usually employed several dozen workers, and most business companies were family-owned. Further industrial growth required more intensive financing and family capitals became insufficient. This gave birth to share capital, which can combine financial resources of many people into a pool for starting a big project.

The most visible representatives of share capital are public limited companies, such as British Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell or General Motors. They raise money on the stock market by issuing securities, mostly shares and bonds.

Ordinary shares (common stock in USA) form the largest part of the whole securities market. A shareholder owning ordinary shares can vote at the annual shareholders’ meeting, which reviews the company’s reports, takes decisions on the company’s plans and the distribution of the company’s profit. The meeting may decide to distribute the dividends to the shareholders or to reinvest the profit. If the company has no profit or has losses, the owner of ordinary shares will receive no dividends.

Each ordinary share has its face value and its market price. The face value is indicated on the share certificate but one cannot sell or buy the share at the face value. The market price is established at the stock exchange, where the shares are quoted and traded. The market price may be several times higher or lower than the face value because it depends on the general market situation and on the performance of the company.

When the country’s economy grows, the stock market usually has an upward trend, the market prices of shares go up and the stock exchange traders say that the market is “bullish”. If the market has a downward trend, the market prices of shares go down and the market becomes “bearish”.

Many companies issue preference shares (preferred stock in USA). These shares give the shareholder a guaranteed, stable income fixed as a percentage of their face value. But preference shares do not let their owner to vote at the shareholders’ meetings.

Some companies issue bonds. These securities provide their owner with stable income, the same as preference shares do. But unlike ordinary or preference shares, bonds are redeemable. It means that the company issuing bonds has an obligation to redeem them or buy them back at the face value after a certain period of time, usually after several years.

There was a stock market boom during the latest decade of the twentieth century. Many people became active in shopping for financial products and invested much of their wealth in securities. They expected that the markets would grow rapidly in the coming years and hoped to earn money through buying securities at lower prices and selling them at higher prices.

But these expectations were ruined by a sudden economic crisis. Now the Western economies have been in recession for about two years and the market price of most securities is much lower than their face value. It is a very sad situation for the shareholders, because they cannot return their shares to the issuing companies and get their money back. They can only sell these shares at their market price, if somebody will buy them.

Conclusion

In the conclusion I want to tell, that the knowledge of the basic economic principles creates conditions of safe existence for the person. The public phenomena, which are studied with the economic theory, influence various layers of the population. The size of the received income plays an important role in the position of the person in the society.

Certainly, I cannot say that if you study the basic economic principles, you will understand all essence of economic events.

I hope that my work will help the beginning businessmen in the future.

Bibliography:

1. B.Kolhass. Financial management of the enterprise. – Moscow: “Finance”, 1997.

2. Osipov J.M. Bases of enterprise activity. –
Moscow, 1992.

3. Bulatov A.S. The economic theory (2 edition). – Moscow, 1997

4. https://www.ref.ru

Краткий урок о формах организации бизнеса

Сайт Деловой английский www.delo-angl.ru
Опубликовано: 18.04.2012

Для удовлетворения разных потребностей бизнес организуется в разных формах. Простейшая форма бизнеса называется индивидуальным или единоличным предпринимательством. Владельцу принадлежит все имущество бизнеса, и он является ответственным за все. С юридической точки зрения, в случае с этой формой бизнеса, владелец и компания являются одним и тем же лицом. Это означает, что собственник получает всю прибыль от бизнеса, но должен также оплачивать любые долги. Другой формой бизнеса является партнерство (товарищество). Два или более человек организуют совместный бизнес. Для того чтобы решить какой частью партнерства владеет каждый партнер, обычно необходимо заключить соглашение. Один из видов партнерств называется партнерством с ограниченной ответственностью. Они состоят из полных партнеров и партнеров с ограниченной ответственностью. Партнеры с ограниченной ответственностью могут не иметь такой доли в прибыли, но они также несут меньшую ответственность за бизнес. Врачи, юристы и бухгалтеры часто создают партнерства для разделения своих рисков и прибылей. Муж и жена могут сформировать совместное деловое партнерство. Партнерства существуют только до тех пор, пока партнеры живы. Это же относится и к индивидуальным предприятиям. Но корпорации предназначены для неограниченного срока жизни. Корпорация является наиболее сложной формой организации бизнеса. Для сбора средств корпорации могут продавать акции. Акции представляют доли собственности в компании. Инвесторы, покупающие акции, могут торговать своими долями или сохранять их столь долго, сколько компания ведет бизнес. Компания может использовать часть своей прибыли для выплаты дивидендов в качестве вознаграждения акционерам. Или же компания может реинвестировать денежные средства обратно в бизнес. Если акции теряют свою стоимость, то инвесторы могут потерять все деньги, уплаченные за свои акции. Но акционеры не несут ответственности за долги корпорации. Корпорация признается хозяйствующим субъектом – самостоятельным юридическим лицом, отдельным от его владельцев. Корпоративные политики контролируются Советом директоров. Директоры назначают высших руководителей компании. Директоры могут иметь или не иметь свою долю собственности в корпорации. Корпорация может иметь несколько основных акционеров. Или же права собственности могут быть распределены среди широкого круга лиц. Но не все корпорации являются традиционным бизнесом, продающим акции. Некоторые некоммерческие организации также организованы как корпорации.

Адаптировано VOA Special English Economics Report на основе радиопрограммы от 10 февраля 2012 года.

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A Quick Lesson in Ways Businesses Are Organized

Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs. The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything. For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but must also pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls. One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibility for the business. Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together. Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships. But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization. Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buy stock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business. A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money back into the business. If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation. A corporation is recognized as an entity – its own legal being, separate from its owners. A board of directors controls corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation. Corporations can have a few major shareholders. Or ownership can be spread among the general public. But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.

Adapted VOA Special English Economics Report from a radio program broadcast 10 Feb 2012.

Видеоролик с субтитрами и медленным четким американским произношением можно просмотреть в формате mp4 или скачать в формате rar. Ролик загружается для просмотра в течение 30 – 60 секунд.

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• structured – структурно оформлен, сконструирован, организован;
• to meet needs – удовлетворять потребности;
• proprietorship – право собственности;
• individual proprietorship – личная собственность, индивидуальное предпринимательство;
• sole proprietorship – (1) единоличное владение (форма владения, при которой все активы принадлежат одному владельцу); (2) индивидуальное предприятие (компания, которая находится в собственности и управлении одного человека, отвечающего по обязательствам данной компании личным имуществом; такая юридическая форма предпринимательства избирается для мелких предприятий; ее недостаток заключается в ограниченности финансовых возможностей; индивидуальные предприятия действуют в области розничной и мелкооптовой торговли, оказывают услуги на местном уровне; часто биржевые маклеры организуют свою деятельность в виде индивидуального предпринимательства; согласно американскому законодательству, исполнение каких-л. формальностей по регистрации индивидуальных предприятий не требуется; единственный официальный документ – налоговая декларация; ведение финансового учета не обязательно, но необходимо составление налоговой отчетности; предпринимательские расходы квалифицируются законодательством иначе, чем персональные; для занятия некоторыми видами деятельности требуются лицензии административных органов штата);
• property – имущество, собственность, права собственности;
• for legal purposes – с юридической точки зрения;
• partnership – партнерство, товарищество:

1) В США – форма предпринимательства, представляющая собой объединение двух или более партнеров, т. е. лиц, совместно осуществляющих коммерческую деятельность; для организации этой формы требуется устное или письменное соглашение партнеров об их вкладах, участии в прибыли, ответственности и т. п.; партнерство не образует юридического лица.

2) В Великобритании – ассоциация небольшого количества лиц, каждое из которых является агентом всех остальных; не образует юридического лица; английскому праву известны два вида товариществ, создание и деятельность которых регламентируются законодательными актами: general partnership (полное товарищество) и limited partnership (товарищество на вере, коммандитное товарищество, товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью); по общему правилу, количество членов товариществ не должно превышать 20; однако для некоторых видов предпринимательской деятельности, таких, напр., как оказание юридических, аудиторских услуг, это ограничение не действует; в то же время в этих сферах товарищества должны создаваться в форме полных.

• limited liability partnership – товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью (юридическая форма предпринимательства, характеризующаяся всеми признаками товарищества и отличающаяся от него тем, что партнеры отвечают по обязательствам товарищества только в пределах своего вклада; обычное товарищество может стать товариществом с ограниченной ответственностью, заполнив заявление о соответствии установленным требованиям; в Великобритании эта организационная форма существует с 2002 г.);
• full partner – полный товарищ, партнер;
• limited partner – партнер (товарищ, компаньон) с ограниченной ответственностью; товарищ-вкладчик; коммандитист (участник товарищества, отвечающий по обязательствам товарищества только своим взносом в его капитал и не принимающий личного участия в управлении товариществом)
• same is true – то же самое верно для …, то же относится и к …
• corporation – корпорация, акционерное общество (юридическая форма предпринимательства, отличительные черты которой заключаются в следующем: корпорация представляет собой самостоятельный субъект гражданского права, ведущий независимое от своих членов существование; существование корпорации не может быть прекращено иначе, как по решению суда или самих участников корпорации, принятому на основании устава и законов; по обязательствам корпорации исключительную ответственность несет сама корпорация в пределах принадлежащего ей имущества; корпорация является объектом двойного налогообложения, поскольку ее доходы облагаются налогом дважды: как прибыль компании и как доход акционеров, который они получают после ее распределения; капитал корпораций формируется путем размещения (выпуска) акций; порядок создания и основные принципы функционирования корпораций в США определяются на уровне законодательства штатов; в большинстве случаев в основе законодательства штатов лежат принципы принятого в 1946 г. на федеральном уровне примерного закона “О предпринимательских корпорациях”);
• stock – 1) акция, акции, фонды; 2) облигации; 3) акционерный капитал; 4) основной капитал; 5) облигационный заем; 6) ценные бумаги; 7) инвентарь;  8) запас (товаров на складе); 9) наличный товар; 10) резерв; 11) склад;
• share of ownership – доля собственности (в чем-либо);
• share – доля, часть, пай, акция;
• shareholder – акционер, владелец [держатель] акции [акций] (юридическое или физическое лицо, являющееся собственником акций акционерного общества, т. е. части акционерного капитала);
• earnings – прибыль, чистый доход (по отношению к предприятию означает чистый доход от какой-л. деятельности: выручка минус затраты); заработок, доход (по отношению к физическому лицу);
• debt – долг, обязательство;
• entity – в экономическом смысле: хозяйствующий субъект (физическое или юридическое лицо, занятое экономической деятельностью); юридическое лицо; экономический объект; хозяйственное подразделение;
• legal being – буквально: юридическое (законное) существо, т.е. субъект права, юридическое или физическое лицо;
• corporate policies – корпоративные политики, т.е. правила, положения, приказы, инструкции, деловая практика и этические нормы, действующие в корпорации;
• director – директор, член Совета директоров/Правления;
• officer – должностное лицо, ответственный сотрудник (обычно в служебной иерархии officer находится выше менеджера, но ниже члена Совета директоров);
• general public – широкая публика, общественность, неограниченный/неопределенный круг лиц;
• nonprofit – некоммерческий, не имеющий целью получение прибыли, бесприбыльный;

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• Резюме для экономических специальностей и дополнительную экономическую лексику вы можете найти в разделе “Резюме на английском”

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